Visual Explainers

Animated, interactive explanations of the transforms, timing and control structures behind power converters and motor drives.

• abc → dq

  Clarke and Park Transforms, Animated

  Watch three-phase currents become a rotating αβ vector and then constant d and q values, and see how slip, the 5th harmonic, unbalance and zero sequence show up in the dq frame.

• PWM → ADC → ISR

  PWM, ADC and Interrupt Timing, Animated

  Step through three periods of center-aligned PWM: where the ADC samples, how ringing and a low-side shunt limit the window, and why the new duty cycle arrives a period or half a period later.

• SVPWM

  Space Vector PWM, Animated

  See how a two-level inverter builds a rotating voltage vector from six active and two zero states: sectors, dwell times T1, T2 and T0, the seven-segment switching pattern and why SVPWM reaches 15 % further than sine PWM.

• SPWM · SVPWM · DPWM

  PWM Methods Compared: SPWM, THI, SVPWM, DPWM and Six-Step

  Sine-triangle PWM, third-harmonic injection, SVPWM, the discontinuous DPWM family (DSVM) and six-step on one page: modulating waves, clamped phases, linear range, switching-loss function and harmonic distortion, all checked by simulation.

• Buck · PID · live

  Buck Converter Voltage Loop Lab: Move the Gains, Watch the Response

  A live simulation of a 12 V to 5 V buck converter with a sampled PID voltage controller. Drag Kp, Ki and Kd and the start-up, the load step and the phase margin update at once; the inductor current and output voltage animate on the schematic.

• FOC · PFC · LLC

  Control Block Diagrams: FOC, PFC and LLC

  Interactive block diagrams of field-oriented motor control, the dual-loop boost PFC and the LLC voltage loop: follow the signal around each loop, click any block for its role and rate, and see how far apart the loop bandwidths sit.

• LLC · PI · fs

  LLC Voltage Loop Lab: Tune the PI and Watch the Operating Point Move

  Interactive LLC converter voltage-loop simulator. Move the PI gains, the delay, a load step and an input-voltage step, and watch the output voltage, the switching frequency and the operating point on the FHA gain curve respond.

• FOC · PI lab

  PMSM Field-Oriented Control Lab: Current and Speed PI Tuning

  Interactive PMSM FOC simulator. Move the current and speed PI gains and watch i_d, i_q, speed, voltage and the spinning rotor respond at once, with decoupling, voltage limit and one-sample delay.